For a repeated course, what grading principle is applied?

The correct answer indicates that when a student repeats a course, the most recent grade received in that course is utilized for calculating the Grade Point Average (GPA). This principle allows students to demonstrate their current understanding and mastery of the course material, rather than being penalized for an earlier attempt that may not reflect their true capability.

Using the most recent grade encourages students to improve and provides an opportunity for academic recovery. This policy is often implemented to promote student success, allowing those who may have struggled previously to redeem themselves without being held back by past performance.

The other options present grading methods that are generally not utilized in most educational institutions or may not accurately reflect the intention of encouraging academic growth. For instance, counting only the first grade could disincentivize students from retaking courses to enhance their understanding and performance. Averaging all grades would not effectively reflect a student's improvement or current competency level, while only considering the highest grade could sometimes overlook a student's growth trajectory over multiple attempts.